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Chott Melrhir
Chott Melrhir ((アラビア語:شط ملغيغ)) also known as Chott Melghir or Chott Melhir is an endorheic salt lake in northeastern Algeria. It the westernmost part of a series of depressions, which extend from the Gulf of Gabès into the Sahara. They were created between Miocene and Early Pleistocene as a result of compression accompanying the formation of the Atlas Mountains.〔Andrew Goudie (2002) (Great warm deserts of the world: landscapes and evolution ), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924515-0, p. 113〕 With the maximum area of about , Chott Melrhir is the largest lake in Algeria.〔В. М. Котляков (Мельгир (Chott Melrhir) ), Словарь современных географических названий (Dictionary of modern geographical names), 2003–2006〕 It lies almost entirely below the sea level and contains the lowest point in Algeria, .〔(CIA World Factbook 2010, Book 2010 ) ISBN 1-60239-727-9, p. 10〕 Its size varies over the year and is usually larger than from east to west.〔(Chott Melrhir ), Encyclopædia Britannica on-line〕 The nearby cities are Biskra (60 km north-east), El Oued and Touggourt (85 km south).〔Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992) (A directory of African wetlands ), IUCN, ISBN 2-88032-949-3 pp. 23–24〕
==Hydrology, geology and geography==
During the rain season in winter, the lake is filled by numerous wadi (periodically drying rivers), mostly from north and north-west. The largest of them are the Djedi and Arab〔〔(Chott Melhrir )〕 running from west to east down the slopes of Aurès Mountains. Others include Abiod, Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit and Zeribet.〔〔(Annales des mines: Mémoires ), Cadrilian-Gœury et Vor. Dalmont, 1880 pp. 154, 159, 172〕 In summer, the lake and most the rivers feeding it dry out, and Chott Melrhir turns into a salt pan.〔〔(Algérie. États et Territoires ) (in French)〕 The annual water evaporation varies between 9.6 and 20 km3, and evaporation from soil nearby the lake can reach 14 km3.〔
Chott Melrhir is separated from the nearby Chott Meorouane, which lies south-west, by a stripe of permanently dry land which can be as narrow as 4 kilometers in some places.〔 The bottom of the lake is mostly composed of gypsum and mud and is covered in salt in summer. The lake emits a garlic-like odor.〔(The Annals and magazine of natural history: zoology, botany, and geology ), Taylor and Francis (1871) p. 377〕 Although the dry soil in and around the lake appears arable, it is nearly barren due to the high concentration of salt. For the same reason, the soil absorbs much condensation overnight that keeps it partly humid during much of the day.〔Henry Woodward (Geological magazine, Volume 1 ), Cambridge University Press., 1864, p. 28〕
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